STRUCTURE
Structure in TOEFL is test for
know about your capacity until as far as you know with English Grammar which to
use in contants. For get good TOEFL score,
you should for understand about theory from English Grammar.
Strategy to Answer Structure Test
To answer
structure test in TOEFL, the first you must know that you don’t need translate
all the qustion, but be translate as the last alternative. You must know in
structure test all the qustion are sentences (Subject + Verb). So you must
search Verb in the sentense, and this is the rule to find verb:
- If these sentence has 1 verb so doesn’t have conjungtion.
- If these sentence has 2 verbs so it has 1 conjungtion (Remember, conjuntion is fungsion to connecting the sentences)
- If these sentence has 3 verbs so it has 2 conjungtions, etc
- This rule applies to sentence in active and pasive.
1.1 Tenses
Tenses is explanation when a
happening, performance, activity to be happen become a sentence: now – past –
or future.
1.1.1
The Simple Present Tense
An activity which happen is
often, happen usually every day, every week, every month, every year, on
Sunday, etc.
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
Always
·
Usually
·
Often
·
Seldom
·
Sometimes
·
Rarely
·
Never
·
Etc
Example :
Directions : identify the one underlined word or
phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct
Now that they have successfully
passed the TOEFL, the students
A B
were ready to begin their classes
at the university.
C D
Answer
: C. Were
1.1.2
The Present Continuous Tense
An activity which happening no or when speaking, such as :
·
He is watching a film on TV
·
I am going home now
Time makers
:
Time
maker which usually to use such as :
·
Now
·
At the moment
·
At present
·
Tonight
·
Tomorrow
Example
Directions
: identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for
the sentence to be correct
The food that
Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
A B C D
Answer :
C
1.1.3
The Present Perfect Tense
An activity, performance, which
happen when past and related with now or for an activity which finish at fast
time.
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
Already
·
Just
·
Not yet
·
Since
·
For
·
Etc
Example
Directions
: identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for
the sentence to be correct
Treasure Island, the book that made Robert
Louis Stevenson
A
famous has became a best seller
for readers young and old.
B C D
Answer :
A
1.1.4
The Present Perfect Continuos Tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as : since, for
Example
:
Directions : identify the one underlined word or
phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct
Sam has been look forward to
meeting her.
A B C D
Answer :
B
1.1.5
The simple past tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
Ago
·
At
·
For
·
From ... to
·
In
·
Last
·
When
·
Yesterday
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
That ..... the end of the game.
A.
Is
B.
Was
C.
Were
D.
Been
Answer : B
1.1.6
The past continuos tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
When
·
While
·
at
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
Jane ..... when her friend shouted at her.
A.
Sends a message
B.
Sent a message
C.
Sending a message
D.
Was sending a message
Answer :
D
1.1.7
The past perfect tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
After
·
Before
·
when
Example :
Directions : identify the one underlined word or
phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct
After
George had returned to his house, he was reading a
book.
A B C D
Answer :
D
1.1.8
The Past Perfect Continuos Tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as : before, for
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
He ..... in German for three years before he moved
to Indonesia.
A.
Had worked
B.
Has worked
C.
Have been working
D.
Had been working
Answer : D
1.1.9
The simple future tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
From now
·
In ten days
·
In the future
·
Next month
·
Next week
·
Next year
·
Ten years from now
·
This weekend
·
Tomorrow
·
etc
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
Our neighbor will stay here until the rain .....
A.
stop
B.
stopped
C.
stops
D.
to stop
Answer : A
1.1.10
The future continuos tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
At this time tomorrow
·
Next week
·
Next month
·
Next year
·
Until
·
When, etc
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
I think she will be ..... her study next May.
A.
Completing
B.
Complete
C.
Completed
D.
Has completed
Answer :A
1.1.11
The future perfect tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
By thiiis timeee next week
·
By june
·
By next month
·
By next year
·
By 2025
·
When
·
Before, etc
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
Before you come back I ..... my proposal.
A.
Completed
B.
Complete
C.
Had completed
D.
Will have completed
Answer : D
1.1.12
The future Perfect Continuos Tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
·
For three hours at that time
·
The wole time
·
To long by that time, etc
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
Some tourist ..... Monaco for three hours by the
time I get there.
A.
Will has been visiting
B.
Will have been visiting
C.
Will have visited
D.
Will visit
Answer : B
1.1.13
The simple past future tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
You ..... us book the week before.
A.
Would give
B.
Would given
C.
Give
D.
Given
Answer : A
1.1.14
The past future continuos tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
I ..... her at five yesterday
A.
Should meet
B.
Am meeting
C.
Should be meeting
D.
Would meet
Answer : C
1.1.15
The past future perfect tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
1.1.16
The Past Future Perfect Continuos Tense
Time makers :
Time maker which usually to use such as :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
1.2 Agreement
Agreement is suitability between subject and
predicate. If subject of sentence is singular so verb must be singular, and
subject plural so verb must be plural.
·
Each of
the students has received a diploma
·
Jimmy, together
with Kelly, leaves for Bali
tomorrow
·
Living in this city, as weel as in many other cities, is very expensive.
Example :
Directions : Choose the one word or phrase that
best completes the sentence.
Flower expert ..... three main classes of
cultivated roses.
A.
Recognition
B.
They recognition
C.
Recognize
D.
recognizes
1.3 Infinitive
/ Gerund
Verb which with in infinitive and
or gerund
1. As
subject of sentence
·
To know me is to love me
·
To live is to struggle
·
To love means to sacrifice
2. As noun
·
We have lot of problems to solve
·
I have something to eat
3. As adverb
·
She is to busy to think of her self
·
This test is easy to understand
4. To
infinitive with subject
·
It is easy for him to buy a new car
·
It is important for him to take a TOEFL test
5. To
infinitive with perfect tense
·
He seemed to have known the way out
·
I hope to have finished my job by tomorrow
6. To
infinitive with passive voice
·
There are a lot of persons to be interviewed
·
These flowers need to be watered
This is example
question bout gerund or to infinitive :
I promise ........
(accompany) her last week.
The answered is
to accompany.
1.4 Modals
Auxiliary + Perfect
Modal verbs such as : can – could, may – might, must – have/ has
to/had to, shall – should, will – would, ought to with +verb-1
1.
Can- could + verb–1 for explain ability,
possibility, permission, a polite request
Example :
·
I can speak English
·
Marcelina can speak Japanese
·
Can you speak Arabic ?
·
Could you help me ?
2.
May – might + verb-1 for explain possibility and
permission
·
It may rain tonight
·
Anita and Desi may come late
3.
Must – hard to + verb-1, it mean “harus” or
“pasti” for explain necessity
·
Sorry, i must be off
·
I must come
·
I had to walk on foot
4.
Shall + verb-1, it is mean “akan” or “bagaimana
kalau” to explain a plan. Usually shall to use with I and We
·
We shall be home tomorrow
·
I shall have completed my report by Saturday
5.
Should + verb-1, it is mean “seharusnya” or
“sebaiknya” to explain a suggestion
·
You should take a rest
·
You should see a doctor
6.
Will + verb-1, it is means “akan” or “mau” for
explain a future plan
·
I will help you
·
Dessy will go to Surabaya tomorrow
7.
Would + verb-1, it is means “mau” or “sudikah” yo
explain a polite request
·
He would attend a meeting
·
Would you please open the door ?
8.
Ought to + verb-1, it is means “seharusnya” or
“sebaiknya” for explain a suggestion and advice
·
You ought to look after you children well
·
That man ought to be punished
1.5 Active
and Passive Voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action.
It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the
action.
A. Passive Voice
in All Tenses : His father is always helped (by John) in the garden (simple
present tense).
B. Passive Form of
Modals : This novel can be translated (by his brother) into Indonesia.
1.6 Noun
Clause
Noun clause is a clause (subject and verb) that functioned as a noun. Noun
clause in the sentence is generally used as a subject and an object of the
sentence.
Noun clause can be preceded by:
- Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
a)
Single question word (when, how, what, ect.).
b)
Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
c)
Question word + infinitive.
A. Noun clauses beginning with the words
Question
In How to Address Questions have already discussed about the use of the
word in question and make information both questions and in making embedded questions.
Embedded questions are noun clause Noun clauses
B. Noun clauses beginning with
whether/if
Whether can be followed by OR / NOT can also not; although the meaning of the
sentence is usually the same OR / NOT is not mentioned (this depends on he context of the sentence).
example:
I am not
sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether
or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming.
C. Noun clauses beginning with that /
the fact that
Here, that means that, while the fact that means the fact that. Meanwhile, the
adjective clauses
that mean that.
example:
That she has
had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises
a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD
degree at the age of 20.
1.7 Adjective
Clause
An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and
is made up of several words which, like all clauses, will include a subject and
a verb.
A. Subject pronoun:
who – which – that
Example:
The couple have two boys and two daughters.
They live next door.
The couple who live next door have
two boys and two daughters.
B. Object pronoun:
who – which – that
Example:
The man was my english teacher.
You saw him at the station last night.
The man
who/whom you saw at the station last night was my english teacher.
C. Using whose and
where
Example:
The man is my next door neighbor.
His computer was stolen a few days ago.
The man whose
computer was stolen a few days ago is my next door neighbor.
1.8 Indirect
Speech
Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the
content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.
A. Indirect Speech
– Statement
Direct : Jenni said, “I buy this dictionary at a
bookshop.”
Indirect : Jenni told me (that) she bought this
dictionary at a bookshop
B. Indirect Speech
– Question
Direct : John asked me, “do you still take an
English course?”
Indirect : John asked me if I still took an English
course.
C. Indirect Speech
– Command
Direct : The instructor said, “lie down on the
grass?”
Indirect : The instructor told me to lie down on the
grass.
D. Indirect Speech
– Question Words
Direct : He said, “when did you buy this new car?”
Indirect : He asked me when I had bought this new car
1.9 Preposition
Preposition is words which to use
with noun to put in front of for explain relation between that words with other
words.
1.
At
·
At night
·
At the weekend
·
At the moment
2.
On
·
On Sunday
·
On the table
·
On the bus
3.
In
·
In a box
·
In the class
·
In bed
4.
Into
·
Chop it into
·
The novel was translate into
·
I backed the car into
5.
For
·
For you
·
For dry skin
·
For coming late
6.
From
·
From London
·
From his house
·
Away from
7.
Of
·
The colour of
·
A ring of
·
One of
8.
Off
·
Get off
·
I’am off
·
Take off your shoes
9.
Out of
·
Kick the ball out of
·
She step out of the car
·
Nine out of ten
10. Over
·
The jump over
·
To fall over
·
Over ten years ago
11. By
·
To travel by car
·
They came by the back door
·
Sit by me
12. With
·
I am staying with a friend
·
They fought with courage
·
Cut it with the scissors
13. Other
preposition, such as : according to, after, against, along, alongside,but,
because of, etc
1.10
Conjunction
Conjunction is words which
relation with word or group of word in sentence, such as :
After, before, if, althougt, till, untill, as soon
as, where, since and etc.
1.11
Comparisons
Degrees of Comparison to use for to
compare two or more a something or person. There are three of comparisons :
positive, comparative and superlative.
1. Positive
Pattern 1 : as + adjective + as . . .
Example :
·
Gracia Indri is as beautiful as Nuri Maulida
·
This house is as big is his house
Pattern 2 : like and alike . . .
·
This hotel is like that hotel
·
Your car and his car are alike
Pattern 3 : the same . . . (as) . . .
·
This radio and that radio are the same
·
My house is the same as your house
Pattern 4 : similar (to) . . .
·
Your prediction is similar to my prediction
·
Your prediction and my prediction are similar
Pattern 5 : different (from) . . .
·
Jakarta is different from Singapore
·
Bandung and Surabaya are different
2. Comparative
Pattern 1 : adjective + er . . . than . . .
·
Jefferson is older than Madison
·
The city of Paris is bigger than that of Sydney
Pattern 2 : more + adjective . . . than . . .
·
Kania is more beautiful than Andrea
·
Hawaii is more famous than Wanuatu
Pattern 3 : less + adjective . . . than . . .
·
This tariff of taxy is less expensive than thet of
the bus
·
This black and white is less cheaper than that
colored TV
Pattern 4 : the + comparative + subject + verb, the + comparative + subject
+ verb
·
The sooner you come, the better you will be
Pattern 5 : the more + subject + verb, the + comparative + subject + verb
·
The more you study, the smarter you will be
3. Superlative
Pattern 1 : the + adjective + est
·
New york is the busiest city in the world
Pattern 2 : the most + adjective ...
·
The most expensive city in the world is London
Sumber :
Riyanto Slamet, Essential Grammar
and Reading Strategy for TOEFL Test, penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta
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